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'Sudan: A future without War?'- IRIN Web Special on the prospects of peace in Sudan
SUDAN: Who is who
NOTE: The following reference list is taken from a wide range of sources
[Arabic names in transliterated form]
Abd al-Majid, Abd al-Basit - Minister of culture. Was undersecretary, ministry of education in 1996. Appointed education minister in 2000.
Abd al-Mawla, Karam al-Din - Minister of cabinet affairs. Was deputy governor of Northern Darfur State in 1995.
Adam, Dr Mudawwi Ibrahim - Chairman of the human rights group Sudan Social Development Organisation, was detained in March 2004 after distributing aid to IDPs in Darfur.
Agar, Cdr Malik - Sudan People�s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) secretary in southern Blue Nile. Key negotiator at peace talks in Naivasha. Joined SPLM/A with rank of lieutenant in 1986. Subsequently promoted to commander, he led many military operations in eastern Sudan until 1997.
Ahmad, Abd al-Jalil al-Basha Muhammad - Minister of tourism and national heritage.
Ahmad, Khidr Harun - Ambassador to the UN.
Ahmad, Dr Majdhub al-Khalifah - Minister of agriculture and forestry. National Islamic Front (NIF) member. Minister of state for labour and administrative reform 1993-95. Minister of state for social planning 1995-96. Governor of Khartoum State in 1996.
Ahmad, Qutbi al-Mahdi - Political adviser to the government. NIF member. Was an ambassador at the external affairs ministry 1993-99. Then appointed head of the external security organisation, and in 2000 minister of social planning.
Akol, Dr Lam (Full name: Lam Akol Ajawin) - Shilluk. Senior member of the SPLM/A before breaking away with Riek Machar and Gordon Kong Chuol - both Nuer - to form the SPLM/A-Nasir in a rebellion that split the movement in 1991. He broke with Riek in 1995, becoming chairman of SPLM/A-United, signed an agreement with the government in 1997 and served as its transport minister for five years. In 2002 he resigned from the ruling National Congress (NC) party, and became a key member of the newly formed opposition Justice Party. Rejoined SPLM/A in October 2003, but not with full support of his militia. Dissenting members of SPLM/A-United still active in Shilluk kingdom.
Akot, Daniel Awet - Chairman of SPLM/A's commission for judiciary and law enforcement.
Aleng, Elijah Malok - Executive director of SPLM/A's humanitarian wing, the South Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Association (SRRA).
Ali, Dr Mutrif Siddiq - Appointed minister of state at the presidency in 1998, now a key government negotiator at the peace talks in Kenya. His post is now undersecretary at the foreign ministry.
Amum, Pagan, Cdr full name: Pagan Amum Okech) - SPLM/A governor of eastern Sudan and NDA secretary-general. Key negotiator for SPLM/A at peace talks in Kenya. SPLM/A secretary for trade and humanitarian aid in 1998, before which he had commanded SPLM/A operations in eastern Sudan.
Amum, Thon - Militia leader in northern Upper Nile.
Anya Nya - Army of southern separatists from 1955-1972 during first civil war. Largely incorporated into Sudanese army after 1972 Addis Ababa peace agreement.
Anya Nya II - Army of southern separatists from 1975-1991, opposing Addis Ababa agreement.
Arman, Yasir Sa�id - SPLM/A spokesman since 1997, former commander in SPLA, based in Asmara until 2003, member of President Umar al-Bashir�s extended family.
Arop, Justin Yac, Dr - Secretary-general of SRRA 1986-88, SPLM/A representative in West Africa 1991-92, in Kenya 1992-94, SPLM/A health secretary 1994-97, then reappointed representative to Kenya.
Arop, Martin Makuei Malwal, Col (retd) - Minister of cabinet affairs. Lieutenant-colonel and revolutionary council member 1989. Retired from the armed forces in 1997.
al-Atabani, Ghazi Salah al-Din - NIF member. Minister of state at the presidency in 1991. Secretary-general of parliament in 1996. Minister of culture and information in 1998. Resigned as presidential peace adviser in November 2003.
al-Awad, Al-Hadi Muhammad Abdullah, Maj-Gen - Minister of cabinet affairs. NIF member. Serving brigadier in 1995 when appointed minister of state at the presidency and director of the internal security organisation. Was interior minister in 2000.
Aylah, Muhammad Tahir - Minister of roads and bridges. Minister of environment and tourism 1998-2000.
Ayud, William Deng - Commander of militia in Melut.
al-Azhari, Isma'il - First prime minister of independent Sudan from 1954 to 1956 and president from 1965 to 1969.
Badr, Al-Sharif Ahmad Umar al-Fakki - Minister of investment. Formerly governor of Al-Jazirah State.
al-Bashir, Umar Hasan Ahmad, Lt-Gen - President and prime minister. During early career served in several regions of Sudan and fought against SPLM/A. Came to power in 1989 in a pro-Islamist coup which overthrew the democratically elected government of Al-Sadiq al-Mahdi. Was already NIF member. Supported by Hasan al-Turabi's NIF, which continued to hold the reins of power behind the scenes. Al-Bashir retained power through several transitional governments in the early and mid-1990s, proclaimed himself president in 1993 and was elected president in 1996. Banned political parties after the 1989 coup, but reintroduced multiparty politics in January 1999.
al-Bashir, Isam Ahmad, Dr - Minister of guidance and endowments.
Beja Congress - A member of the armed opposition umbrella group, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA). Signatory to the NDA's 1995 Asmara Declaration. Shaykh Umar Muhammad Abdullah Tayyib became Beja Congress chairman in 1998. The political wing of the Beja Congress was formed in the 1960s to voice grievances against marginalisation of the region, but launched an armed struggle by the 1990s, due to frustration with lack of progress. Effectively controls a swathe of eastern Sudan centred around Karora and Hameshkoreb, has a few hundred fighters. The Beja community numbers about 2.2 million in eastern Sudan, divided into five major tribes and many smaller sub-tribes, has several languages.
Chuol, Arthur Akuen - SPLM/A commissioner for finance and economic planning.
Chuol, Gordon Kong - Jikany Nuer. Militia leader of Thourjikany Forces, based in Nasir, eastern Upper Nile with Jikany Nuer troops. Major-general in Anya Nya II in 1988, then became commander in SPLM/A and member of the SPLM/A political-military high command. Led breakaway from SPLM/A in 1991 with Riek Machar and Lam Akol. In 1997, he signed the Khartoum peace agreement with the government, when he was made a commander with the South Sudan Defence Forces (SSDF) under Riek Machar. Since 1998, backed directly by the government.
Chuol, Tito Biel - Dok Nuer. SPLM/A member before breaking away with Riek Machar in 1991. Joined SSDF in 1997, and in 2000 became member of Riek's Sudan People's Defense Forces (SPDF). Returned to the SSDF in 2002.
Civilian Protection Monitoring Team - US-backed team monitoring attacks against civilians or civilian property/possessions. Became operational in September 2002, following negotiations between the government and SPLM/A, which resulted in the Agreement to Protect Civilians from Military Attack.
Daf'allah, Al-Jazuli - Prime minister from April 1985 to May 1986.
Danforth, John - US peace envoy to Sudan.
Darfur indigenous African tribes - These are: the Zaghawah, Fur, Masalit, Dajo, Tunjur and Tama.
Dong, Joseph Malwal, Engineer - Minister of aviation. Minister of animal resources 1998-2000. Minister of survey and construction development in 2000.
Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) - Northern opposition party, founded on the Khatmiyyah religious order. Led by hereditary Khatmiyyah spiritual guide, Muhammad Uthman al-Mirghani.
Deng, Achol Marial, Dr - SPLM/A commissioner for health.
Dhol, Thomas Mabor - Commander of a pro-government militia in Bentiu.
Dirayj, Ahmad Ibrahim - Chairman of the opposition Federal Democratic Alliance based in Darfur.
Diu, James Lieh - Commander of militia based around Nimnim, western Upper Nile. Defected to join SPLM/A in January 2004.
Dual, Simon Gatwic - Lou Nuer. Government-backed militia leader in Yuai.
al-Duqayr, Jalal Yusuf Muhammad - Minister of industry.
Egeland, Jan - UN Emergency Relief Coordinator.
Equatoria Defence Forces - Government-backed militia in Equatoria, commanded by Martin Kenyi under the overall leadership of Dr Theophilus Lotti, based in Juba, recruits primarily among Acholi people. Its secretary-general is Charles Kisanga. It merged with the SPLM/A in March 2004 with the avowed purpose of fighting the Ugandan rebel Lord's Resistance Army.
Fartak, Ali Tamim - Minister of electricity. Commissioner of Raga Province 1992-94. Governor of Western Bahr-Ghazal State in 1994, then moved to be governor of Southern Darfur State the same year. Health minister in Southern Darfur State 1998-99. Appointed NC secretary in 1999, then minister of state at the ministry of industry and investment in 2000.
Fashoda Relief and Rehabilitation Association - Humanitarian wing of the SPLM/A-Nasir/United, led by Lam Akol, until he rejoined the SPLM/A in October 2003. Its executive director is Gabriel Otor Marko.
Fatah Forces - Rebel group in eastern Sudan.
Gadet, Peter (Full name: Peter Gadet Yakah) - Bul Nuer. Former Sudanese army officer, joined the SPLM/A, but left in 1991 with Riek Machar. Became commander with Paulino Matib�s pro-government militia, the SSUM/A. Fought for government against SSDF in oil-rich western Upper Nile, or Wahdah (Unity) State, then mutinied against Matib in 1999 and fought with the SSDF against the government. Rejoined SPLM/A in early 2000, fought against Riek Machar�s SPDF in 2000, but after disagreements again joined the government side in 2002. His militia forces currently based in Wang Kai in Wahdah State.
Gai, Taban Deng - Western Jikany Nuer. SPLM/A secretary for commerce, key negotiator in peace talks in Kenya. Followed Riek Machar�s breakaway faction from SPLM/A in 1991, aligned with government in 1996, and became leader of the UDSF political party. Appointed governor of Wahdah State in 1997, but expelled from his position and the state by Paulino Matib. In 2000 appointed minister of state for roads and communications, but resigned the same year after falling out with Khartoum. Joined Riek Machar�s SPDF in 2000 and rejoined the SPLM/A with Machar in 2002.
Garang, John, Dr (Full name: John Garang de Mabior) - Bor Dinka, C-in-C of the SPLA and chairman of its political affiliate, the SPLM. Holding bilateral peace negotiations with Sudanese Vice-President Ali Uthman Muhammad Taha in Kenya since September 2003. A member of Anya Nya briefly at the end of the first civil war in 1972, then incorporated into the Sudanese army. Rose to the rank of colonel until he mutinied in 1983 in Bor and reorganised the existing Anya Nya insurrection into the SPLM/A from Ethiopia, demanding the abolition of shari�ah law. Has always declared himself to be working for the creation of a united, democratic, secular Sudan.
Ginye, Gabriel Tang - Commander of a Nuer pro-governnment militia, reportedly based in Fangak.
Gwal, Gatwic Gwal - Commander of a pro-government militia based in Waat.
Hamid, Ibrahim Mahmud - Minister of humanitarian affairs. Formerly governor of Kassala State.
Hamid, Siraj al-Din - Ambassador to Uganda.
al-Hasan, Zubayr Ahmad - Minister of finance and national economy since 2000.
Husayn, Abd al-Rahim Muhammad, Maj-Gen - Minister of internal affairs. NIF member. Was serving colonel in the engineering corps in 1989 and after the coup was appointed secretary-general of the revolutionary council. In 1993, now promoted to brigadier, appointed interior minister. In 1994 became minister at the presidency. Reappointed interior minister in 1998. In 2000 he returned to the presidency as minister and adviser.
al-Hulw, Abd al-Aziz Adam, Cdr - SPLM/A secretary in Nuba mountains, key negotiator at peace talks in Kenya. Commanded SPLA forces in eastern Sudan.
Igga, James Jeda Wani, Cdr - Second deputy of John Garang and SPLM/A secretary-general. Appointed member of the SPLM/A high command in 1986.
al-Imam, Yasin Umar - Was vice-chairman of the NIF in 1987. Broke away from the NC in 1999 and joined Turabi's PNC in 2000.
Inter-Governmental Authority on Development - Regional body, formed in 1996, facilitating peace talks between the Sudanese government and the SPLM/A. Member states are Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda. Between 1986 and 1996 was called the Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development.
Isma'il, Mustafa Uthman, Dr - Minister of external relations since 1998. NIF member. Secretary of the International Popular Friendship Council 1991 and member of the foreign affairs committee and subsequently appointed minister of state at the foreign ministery the same year.
Janjawid - Mounted Arab militia in Darfur aligned with the government. Said to be responsible for widespread attacks on civilians, killings, abductions and burning villages.
al-Jaz, Awad Ahmad, Dr - Minister of energy and mining. NIF member. Minister of internal trade 1990, then replaced as minister for the council of ministers in 1994 and appointed minister of energy and mining.
Jiek, Peter Par - Dok Nuer. Allied to Riek Machar�s forces since the 1991 split from the SPLM/A. Militia commander with SPDF in western Upper Nile in 2000-2001, formerly SSDF commander. Rejoined SPLM/A with Riek in 2002.
Joint Military Commission - Monitors the ceasefire between the government and SPLM/A in the Nuba mountains. Also involved in the disengagement and redeployment of combatants and mine clearance. Comprises representatives from the government, SPLM/A and the international community.
Justice and Equality Movement - Rebel group in Darfur region, emerged in February 2003 calling for greater political and economic rights. Chairman is Khalil Ibrahim Muhammad, based in Europe.
Kabbashi, Abu John Samuel - SPLM/A governor of Equatoria. Was an Anya Nya II brigadier in 1983, after defecting from the government in which he had been minister of wildlife conservation and tourism since 1980. He subsequently joined the SPLM/A and was appointed its commissioner for recruitment in Western Equatoria in 1999.
al-Kasha, Abd al-Hamid Musa - Minister of external trade.
Kashol, Moses Machar, Prof - Second vice-president.
Kenyi, Martin - Commander of government-backed militia, the Equatoria Defence Forces.
al-Khatib, Sa'id - Key government negotiator at peace talks in Kenya and official government spokesman.
Khayr, Al-Tayyib Ibrahim Muhammad, Maj-Gen Dr - National security adviser to government. NIF member. Governor of Darfur State 1991-93. Interior minister 1993-96. Information minister 1996-98. Social planning minister 1998-2000.
Kinga, George Lungwoko - Toposa. SPLM/A commissioner for industry and mining. Was minister of labour and social security 1989-92. Joined SPLM/A in 1993.
Kisanga, Charles - Secretary-general of the Equatoria Defence Forces.
Koga, Clement Wani - Commander of Mundari militia, headquarters in Juba/Terakeka.
Kok, Dr Riek Gai, Dr - Minister of animal resources. Spokesman for the SSIM/A 1997-98. Governor of Jonglei State 1998-2000.
Kong, John - Governor of Upper Nile State.
Kong, Telga - Militia leader in eastern Upper Nile.
Kol, Michael Miea - Militia leader in northern Upper Nile.
Koni, Ismael - Commander of Murle militia, also known as Pibor forces or Forces of Peace, based in Juba, Kassengo and Pibor.
Kuol, Deng Alor - SPLM/A secretary for Bahr al-Ghazal, key negotiator in peace talks in Kenya.
Kwaje, Samson, Dr - Since 1997 the SPLM/A�s spokesman in Nairobi and since April 2000 the movement�s information and cultural affairs commissioner. He was Equatoria Region finance minister in 1987.
Latjor, Benson Kuany - Militia leader in Malakal and Fangak.
Lotti, Dr Theophilus - Leader of government-backed militia, the Equatoria Defence Forces.
Lueth, Justice Michael Makuei - SPLM/A commissioner for legal affairs and constitutional development.
Machar, Riek, Dr (Full name: Riek Machar Teny Dhurgon) - Dok Nuer, currently number three in the SPLM/A after John Garang de Mabior and Salva Kiir Mayardit (both Dinka). Supporter of succession for southern Sudan, split from the SPLM/A in 1991 with Lam Akol and Gordon Kong Chuol to form the Nuer-dominated SPLM/A-Nasir faction (1991-94). In 1995, he became leader of the SSIM/A and Lam Akol took the name of SPLM/A-United for his faction in west-central Upper Nile. In April 1996 Riek signed a deal with the government, and the SSIM/A merged with the other rebel factions which signed the April 1997 Khartoum peace accord. Became c-in-c of the SSDF in 1997. Appointed chairman of the government's Southern States Coordination Council and assistant to Al-Bashir in 1997. He also formed and became head of the United Democratic Salvation Front (UDSF) political party. Resigned from government in 2000 and recreated an army in the south, the SPDF, which he merged with the SPLM/A in January 2002.
Machar, George Riek - SPLM/A representative in Uganda.
Magaya, Alison Manani, Maj-Gen (retd) - Zande. Minister of labour and administrative reform since 2000. Equatoria regional military commander 1988-91. Governor of Equatoria State 1991. Elected to parliament 1996, becoming deputy Speaker.
al-Mahdi, Mubarak Abdullah al-Fadil - Presidential assistant. Brother of Al-Sadiq al-Mahdi. Ummah Party member. MP and industry minister 1986-88. Minister of economy and foreign trade 1988-89. Interior minister 1989. NDA secretary-general 1995-2000, then returned to Sudan from exile.
al-Mahdi, Al-Sadiq al-Siddiq Abd al-Rahman - Already the chairman of the Ummah Party, he became prime minister in 1966 until his government collapsed in 1967. Was again elected prime minister in 1986 until he was overthrown in Al-Bashir's military coup in 1989. He is a descendant of the Mahdi who led a successful rebellion against Egyptian and British forces in 1881. Spiritual leader of Muslim religious sect, Al-Ansar. Brother-in-law to Hasan al-Turabi. Joined the NDA in 1995 in Eritrea, and led a small army against government in eastern Sudan under NDA command. Left the NDA for Sudan in 2000, but refuses to take part in elections.
Mahjub, Muhammad Ahmad - Prime minister 1965-66 and 1967-69.
Majak, Benjamin - Ruweng Dinka. SPLM/A commissioner for rural development and cooperatives. Head of the SRRA during 1990s. Former commander with SPLA in Ruweng County, western Upper Nile. Aligned with Sudanese government in 2000, but later rejoined SPLM/A.
al-Majdhub, Mubarak Muhammad Ali, Prof - Minister of higher education. Formerly vice-chancellor of Al-Jazirah University.
Malik, Al-Zahawi Ibrahim - Minister of information and communications.
Manibe, Kosti - SPLM/A commissioner for education.
Maor, James - Militia commander, reportedly based in Malakal.
Matib, Paulino, Maj-Gen (Full name: Paulino Matib Nhial) - Bul Nuer. Leader of militia based in Bentiu, the South Sudan Unity Movement/Army (SSUM/A). Was deputy commander of the Anya Nya II in 1987 with the rank of brigadier. Armed and supported by the government, he joined Riek Machar�s breakaway SPLM/A-Nasir in 1991. Under the Khartoum peace agreement in 1997, his forces were absorbed by the SSDF, but later he turned against the SSDF for control of oil-rich western Upper Nile (Wahdah State), but lost. Backed by the government, he became a major-general in the national army in 1998 and has since then fought on its behalf, displacing civilians from around the oilfields. In 2003 he fought against pro-government Nuer factions for control of Wahdah State, and lost.
Mayardit, Salva Kiir, Cdr - Rek Dinka. Deputy chairman of the SPLM/A high command since 1997, second to John Garang, and leader of SPLM/A delegation at peace talks in Kenya. First joined the SPLM/A as a major in Anya Nya II, and was appointed SPLM/A deputy chief of staff for operations and security in 1986.
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