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Razor's Edge - The Controversy of Female Genital Mutilation
IRIN Web Special
LINKS & REFERENCES
| REFERENCES |
| International Human Rights Instruments |
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- 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Art 25.
- 1962 Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages.
- 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art 7, 18.
- 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Art.12.
- 1981 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), Art. 2, 5.
- 1999 General Recommendation No. 24 (20th session, CEDAW)
- 1981 UN Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief protects. General Assembly Resolution 36/55, 25 January 1981
- 1984 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1465 UNTS 85
- 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), A/RES/44/25 Art.19, 37, 24.
- 1993 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women G.A. res. 48/104, 48 U.N.
GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 217, U.N. Doc. A/48/49.
- 2003 The declaration for the elimination of the FGM, Cairo.
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, FemaleCircumcision, General Recommendation no. 14, Ninth session, UN Document A/45/38.1990
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| Regional human rights instruments |
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- 1981 African [Banjul] Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, OAU. Art 4, 5, 16, 18.
- 1990 African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, adopted by the Organization of African Unity. Art.3, 14, 21.
- 1999 Ouagadougou Declaration of the Regional Workshop on the Fight against Female Genital Mutilation in the Member.
- 1998 The Banjul Declaration, Inter-African committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children and Gambian committee on Traditional Practices (GAMCOTRAP).
- 2003 Maputo, Mozambique Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa.
- 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
- 1987 European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment, 27 International Legal Materials (1988) 1152.
- 2001 Female genital mutilation. Resolution 1247 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.
- 2001 Resolution on Female Genital Mutilation, European Parliament. (2001.2035(INI).
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| National Law against FGM |
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Occidental Countries:
- Australia Prohibition of female genital mutilation act, New South Wales.
- Belgium, Law of 28 December 2000 on the criminal protection of minors [Article 29].
- Canada Section 268, Criminal Code, 1997.
- France Decree No. 95-1000 of 6 September 1995 setting forth the Code of Medical Ethics [Article 41].
- Spain Art 149 Penal Code
- Sweden Law No. 316 of 27 May 1982 prohibiting female circumcision.
- United Kingdom Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985.
- United States Criminalisation of Female Genital Mutilation Act (1996).
African countries:
- Ethiopia Constitution Of The Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia, 1994 [Art 35].
- Ghana An Act (484 Of 1994) To Amend The Criminal Code, 1960 (Act 29) To Include In The Code The Offence Of Female Circumcisions And For Connected Purposes, 1994.
- Guinea Decree No. D/96/205/Prg/Sgg 1996 Promulgating The Code Of Medical Deontology [Art.40].
- Ivory Coast Law No. 98-757 1998 on the repression of certain forms of violence against women.
- Kenya Children’s Act Part II, 14. Protection from harmful cultural rites.
- Madagascar Decree No. 98-945 1998 Setting Forth The Code Of Medical Ethics [Art. 39].
- Senegal Law No. 99-05 1999 Amending Various Provisions Of The Penal Code [Art. 2].
- South Africa Promotion Of Equality And Prevention Of Unfair Discrimination (Act No. 4 Of 2000) [Section 8].
- Tanzania Sexual Offences Special Provisions (Act No. 4 Of 1998),[Section 21].
- Togo Law No. 98-016 -1998 Prohibiting Female Genital Mutilation In Togo.
- Uganda The Children Statute 1996 (Statute No. 6 Of 1996) [Section 8].
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| Legal resources |
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- Female Genital Mutilation: A Report to the Attorney-General, prepared by the Family Law Council June 1994 (Australia).
- Abbie J. Chessler, Justifying the Unjustifiable: Rite v. Wrong, 45 Buffalo L. Rev. 555 (1997).
- Doriane Lambelet Coleman, The Seattle Compromise: Multicultural Sensitivity and Americanization, 47 DUKE L.J. 717, 739 (1998).
- Dena S. Davis. Male and Female Genital Alteration: A Collision Course with the Law? 11 Health Matrix: Journal of Law-Medicine 487 (2001).
- Christine Mason. Exorcising excision: medico-legal issues arising from male and female genital surgery in Australia, 9 J Law Med 58 (2001).
- Center for Reproductive Rights: “Legislation on Female Genital Mutilation in the United States” 2000.
- Center of Reproductive Rights: “Female Genital Mutilation: A Matter of Human Rights”.
- Zara Spencer “The Criminalisation Of Female Genital Mutilation In Queensland”.
- FGM Network References about National and International Legislation on FGM
- IPU - Legislation and other national provisions
- Center of Reproductive Rights Female Genital Mutilation: A Matter of Human Rights
- Global Health Council - FGM: Outlawed, Not Eradicated
- Global Health Council - Sudan Government to Ban FGM
- Global Health Council - Tougher Laws for FGM
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| Conferences: |
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- 1995 Beijing Fourth UN World Conference on Women.
- Further Actions and Initiatives to Implement the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action.
- 1988 Mogadishu, Somalia. Female circumcision: strategies to bring about change: proceedings of the International seminar on female circumcision.
- 1998 European Union Committee of the Regions. Second study conference on female genital mutilation in Europe.
- 1997 Dakar, Senegal Fourth Regional Conference/General Assembly of the Inter African Committee on traditional Practices affecting the health of women and children - IAC.
- 1999 Declaration and Plan of Action of the First Ministerial Conference on Human Rights in Africa, Organization of African Unity.
- 2000 Arusha Declaration on Harmful Traditional Practices
- 2004 Nairobi “ International Conference on female genital mutilation”
- 2005 Djibouti Sub-Regional Conference on the Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation "Towards a political and religious consensus against FGM"
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| Journal: |
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- Women International News Network (WIN-News)
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| References: |
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- ’WHO: Female Genital Mutilation Programmes to Date: What Works and What Doesnt
- WHO: The prevention and the management of the health complications Policy guidelines for nurses and midwives
- World Medical Association. Statement on Condemnation of Female Genital Mutilation, Adopted by the 45th World Medical Assembly, Budapest, Hungary, October 1993.
- American Medical Association, Council on Scientific Affairs, Report 5 (I-94): Female Genital Mutilation, Chicago, 1994.
- Committee on Medical Ethics. Guidance for doctors approached by victims of female genital mutilation. London: British Medical Association, 1996.
- Committee on Bioethics, American Academy of Pediatrics. Female Genital Mutilation (RE9749). Pediatrics 1998; 102(1): 153-156.
- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Female Circumcision/Female Genital Mutilation (FC/FGM) Fact Sheet.
- Pierrette Herzberger-Fofana Les Mutilations Génitales Féminines (MGF)
- Henriette Kouyaté Excision et mouvements feminins
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