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Razor's Edge - The Controversy of Female Genital Mutilation IRIN Web Special LINKS & REFERENCES REFERENCES International Human Rights Instruments ? 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Art 25. 1962 Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages. 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art 7, 18. 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Art.12. 1981 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), Art. 2, 5. 1999 General Recommendation No. 24 (20th session, CEDAW) 1981 UN Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief protects. General Assembly Resolution 36/55, 25 January 1981 1984 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1465 UNTS 85 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), A/RES/44/25 Art.19, 37, 24. 1993 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women G.A. res. 48/104, 48 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 217, U.N. Doc. A/48/49. 2003 The declaration for the elimination of the FGM, Cairo. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, FemaleCircumcision, General Recommendation no. 14, Ninth session, UN Document A/45/38.1990 Regional human rights instruments ? 1981 African [Banjul] Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, OAU. Art 4, 5, 16, 18. 1990 African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, adopted by the Organization of African Unity. Art.3, 14, 21. 1999 Ouagadougou Declaration of the Regional Workshop on the Fight against Female Genital Mutilation in the Member. 1998 The Banjul Declaration, Inter-African committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children and Gambian committee on Traditional Practices (GAMCOTRAP). 2003 Maputo, Mozambique Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa. 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. 1987 European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment, 27 International Legal Materials (1988) 1152. 2001 Female genital mutilation. Resolution 1247 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. 2001 Resolution on Female Genital Mutilation, European Parliament. (2001.2035(INI). National Law against FGM ? Occidental Countries: Australia Prohibition of female genital mutilation act, New South Wales. Belgium, Law of 28 December 2000 on the criminal protection of minors [Article 29]. Canada Section 268, Criminal Code, 1997. France Decree No. 95-1000 of 6 September 1995 setting forth the Code of Medical Ethics [Article 41]. Spain Art 149 Penal Code Sweden Law No. 316 of 27 May 1982 prohibiting female circumcision. United Kingdom Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985. United States Criminalisation of Female Genital Mutilation Act (1996). African countries: Ethiopia Constitution Of The Democratic Republic Of Ethiopia, 1994 [Art 35]. Ghana An Act (484 Of 1994) To Amend The Criminal Code, 1960 (Act 29) To Include In The Code The Offence Of Female Circumcisions And For Connected Purposes, 1994. Guinea Decree No. D/96/205/Prg/Sgg 1996 Promulgating The Code Of Medical Deontology [Art.40]. Ivory Coast Law No. 98-757 1998 on the repression of certain forms of violence against women. Kenya Children’s Act Part II, 14. Protection from harmful cultural rites. Madagascar Decree No. 98-945 1998 Setting Forth The Code Of Medical Ethics [Art. 39]. Senegal Law No. 99-05 1999 Amending Various Provisions Of The Penal Code [Art. 2]. South Africa Promotion Of Equality And Prevention Of Unfair Discrimination (Act No. 4 Of 2000) [Section 8]. Tanzania Sexual Offences Special Provisions (Act No. 4 Of 1998),[Section 21]. Togo Law No. 98-016 -1998 Prohibiting Female Genital Mutilation In Togo. Uganda The Children Statute 1996 (Statute No. 6 Of 1996) [Section 8]. Legal resources ? Female Genital Mutilation: A Report to the Attorney-General, prepared by the Family Law Council June 1994 (Australia). Abbie J. Chessler, Justifying the Unjustifiable: Rite v. Wrong, 45 Buffalo L. Rev. 555 (1997). Doriane Lambelet Coleman, The Seattle Compromise: Multicultural Sensitivity and Americanization, 47 DUKE L.J. 717, 739 (1998). Dena S. Davis. Male and Female Genital Alteration: A Collision Course with the Law? 11 Health Matrix: Journal of Law-Medicine 487 (2001). Christine Mason. Exorcising excision: medico-legal issues arising from male and female genital surgery in Australia, 9 J Law Med 58 (2001). Center for Reproductive Rights: “Legislation on Female Genital Mutilation in the United States? 2000. Center of Reproductive Rights: “Female Genital Mutilation: A Matter of Human Rights?. Zara Spencer “The Criminalisation Of Female Genital Mutilation In Queensland?. FGM Network References about National and International Legislation on FGM IPU - Legislation and other national provisions Center of Reproductive Rights Female Genital Mutilation: A Matter of Human Rights Global Health Council - FGM: Outlawed, Not Eradicated Global Health Council - Sudan Government to Ban FGM Global Health Council - Tougher Laws for FGM Conferences: ? 1995 Beijing Fourth UN World Conference on Women. Further Actions and Initiatives to Implement the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. 1988 Mogadishu, Somalia. Female circumcision: strategies to bring about change: proceedings of the International seminar on female circumcision. 1998 European Union Committee of the Regions. Second study conference on female genital mutilation in Europe. 1997 Dakar, Senegal Fourth Regional Conference/General Assembly of the Inter African Committee on traditional Practices affecting the health of women and children - IAC. 1999 Declaration and Plan of Action of the First Ministerial Conference on Human Rights in Africa, Organization of African Unity. 2000 Arusha Declaration on Harmful Traditional Practices 2004 Nairobi “ International Conference on female genital mutilation? 2005 Djibouti Sub-Regional Conference on the Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation "Towards a political and religious consensus against FGM" Journal: ? Women International News Network (WIN-News) References: ? ’WHO: Female Genital Mutilation Programmes to Date: What Works and What Doesnt WHO: The prevention and the management of the health complications Policy guidelines for nurses and midwives World Medical Association. Statement on Condemnation of Female Genital Mutilation, Adopted by the 45th World Medical Assembly, Budapest, Hungary, October 1993. American Medical Association, Council on Scientific Affairs, Report 5 (I-94): Female Genital Mutilation, Chicago, 1994. Committee on Medical Ethics. Guidance for doctors approached by victims of female genital mutilation. London: British Medical Association, 1996. Committee on Bioethics, American Academy of Pediatrics. Female Genital Mutilation (RE9749). Pediatrics 1998; 102(1): 153-156. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Female Circumcision/Female Genital Mutilation (FC/FGM) Fact Sheet. Pierrette Herzberger-Fofana Les Mutilations Génitales Féminines (MGF) Henriette Kouyaté Excision et mouvements feminins ? Top of the Page?

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Contents Lead article: When culture harms the girls - the globalisation of female genital mutilation ???Razor's Edge 3.2MB

Features Female Genital Mutilation: A review of legislation A case study of modern legislation against cultural identity The power of tradition: FGM in the Horn of Africa

Reports BURKINA FASO: “I saw the knife and knew? – one girl recalls her circumcision BURKINA FASO: Dial SOS Circumcision and stop girls being cut BURKINA FASO: “Satan was stronger than me? – a circumciser’s tale ETHIOPIA: Fistula hospital continues services for young women KENYA: FGM among the Maasai community of Kenya KENYA: Justifying tradition: why some Kenyan men favour FGM SIERRA LEONE: Five years old and learning to circumcise other girls SIERRA LEONE: Female circumcision is a vote winner TURKEY: FGM still largely an unknown quantity in Arab world

Interviews IRIN interview with Sheikh Omer, a muslim religious leader IRIN interview with Daniela Colombo, an advocacy expert on FGM Interview on FGM with NGO Equality Now director Faiza Mohamed

Map Prevalence of FGM in Africa

Links & References Links - Organisations - International - NON Governmental References Definitions and Distinctions

Latest reports on issues relating to FGM SOMALIA: Somaliland women take on new roles SIERRA LEONE: Five years old and learning to circumcise other girls ETHIOPIA: Fistula hospital continues services for young women GLOBAL: Interview on FGM with NGO Equality Now director Faiza Mohamed Feedback IRIN welcomes constructive comments and feedback on this Web Special. Send your messages to feedback. Please restrict the length of your reply to one page.

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